Parental control and college students' depressive symptoms: A latent class analysis.

We examined how maternal and paternal parental control (helicopter parenting, behavioral control, and psychological control) among college students are related to their depressive symptoms. We collected data from college students who attended a private university in Upstate New York (n = 455) and analyzed it using three-step latent class analysis. Latent class analysis identified four parental control latent classes: weak parental control, strong psychological control, strong helicopter parenting, and strong parental control. College students in the weak parental control class reported lower depressive symptoms than those in strong psychological control and strong parental control classes. In addition, college students in the strong helicopter parenting class reported lower depressive symptoms than those in strong psychological control and strong parental control classes. College students' depressive symptoms were not significantly different between weak parental control and strong helicopter parenting classes. Future researchers are encouraged to continue to acknowledge the characteristics of different forms of parental control and their influence on college students' quality of life in the transition to adulthood, considering the unique approaches of both parents.

Stability and change of religiosity among baby boomers in adulthood: Associations with familism over time.

While it is commonly understood that familism is influenced by religiosity, less is known about how religiosity between young adulthood and midlife is related to the trajectory of familism from midlife over the later life course. In this study, we identified a multidimensional typology of religiosity among baby boomers in young adulthood and midlife, explored how membership in this religious typology changed from young adulthood to midlife, and examined how transition patterns of religiosity were associated with familism over time. We used data from a sample of 471 baby boomers (mean age 19 years in 1971) from the Longitudinal Study of Generations (LSOG), Wave-1 (1971) through Wave-8 (2005). Using latent class and latent transition analysis, we identified three latent religiosity classes in Wave-1 (1971) and Wave-3 (1988): strongly religious, weakly religious, and privately religious, and identified nine transition patterns of religiosity from you between these waves from young adulthood to midlife. Using latent growth curve analysis (Wave-3 to Wave-8), we found that respondents who remained strongly or privately religious or whose religiosity increased had higher initial levels of familism (Wave-3) compared to those who stayed in the weakly religious class. However, the gap in familism across religiosity transition patterns decreased over time up to late middle age. Our findings indicate that while religiosity was positively associated with familism, its impact weakened over time possibly due to change in the centrality of family life and societal factors.

Intergenerational solidarity and digital communication during the Covid-19 pandemic in South Korea: Implications for dyadic well-being.

Previous research has not considered how digital communication fits with the established intergenerational solidarity paradigm, although the paradigm has undergone other refinements over time. Consequently, less is known about how the use of digital communication creates new types of intergenerational solidarity between parents and adult children, and how they are associated with their well-being. With this foundation, we aimed to identify new dyadic patterns of intergenerational solidarity between parents and adult children during the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea, with an emphasis on digital communication (texting, video call, and social media interaction), its intersection with other dimensions of solidarity, and its association with parents' and children's well-being (depressive symptoms, self-esteem, and life satisfaction). Using an online survey method, we collected data from 407 parent-adult child dyads between April and June 2022 from the Seoul Metropolitan area in South Korea. Three-step latent class analysis was used for data analysis. We identified four classes describing intergenerational solidarity between parents and adult children (tight-knit, distant-but-digitally-connected, conflictual, and independent). We found that among dyads of parents and adult children who had tight-knit and distant-but-digitally-connected relationships with each other, parents reported better well-being on all three outcomes, and children reported better life satisfaction compared to dyads who had conflictual relationships. Our findings suggest that incorporating digital communication into the intergenerational solidarity paradigm is useful to better understand the multidimensional characteristics of intergenerational relationships between older parents and their adult children.

Intergenerational solidarity with digital communication and psychological well-being among older parents during the COVID-19 pandemic.

We aimed to identify intergenerational solidarity (emotional closeness, in-person contact, phone contact, geographic proximity, consensus, and conflict) with digital communication (texting, video call, and social media interaction) with adult children among older parents during the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, we aimed to investigate whether intergenerational solidarity with digital communication latent classes were associated with older parents' psychological well-being. We used the 2022 survey of the Longitudinal Study of Generations (LSOG). The sample consisted of 519 older parents who reported about 1245 adult children. Two-level latent class analysis identified six classes at the child level (Level 1: distant but digitally connected, tight-knit and digitally connected, tight-knit traditional, detached, intimate but distant, and sociable). In addition, the analysis identified three classes at the parent level (Level 2: digitally connected, mixed, and intimate but distant). Results of multivariate regression showed that older parents in the digitally connected latent class had better psychological well-being than those in the mixed latent class. Consequently, our finding indicates that digital solidarity with adult children can be beneficial for older parents' psychological well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Can helicopter parenting be beneficial for parent-child relationships? A person-centered approach in the United States and South Korea.

Introduction: We aimed to uncover latent classes of maternal and paternal helicopter parenting among American and Korean college students and to examine whether latent classes of maternal and paternal helicopter parenting are associated with parent- child relationships. Methods: We conducted three-step latent class analyses using five helicopter parenting indicators for 433 mother-child and 401 father-child groups in the United States and 207 mother-child and 195 father-child groups in South Korea. Results: We identified the same three helicopter parenting latent classes (strong, weak, and managed) in mother-child and father-child groups in the United States and Korea. In addition, we found that American and Korean college students in strong and managed helicopter parenting latent classes reported better parent- child relationships than those in the weak class regardless of parents' gender. Discussion: Our findings indicate that helicopter parenting is multidimensional and can be similarly interpreted by college students in Western and Eastern societies. Further, our findings suggest that helicopter parenting could be helpful for college students to establish an intimate relationship with their parents.

Intergenerational solidarity of adult children with parents from emerging to established adulthood.

Although researchers have focused on adult children's intergenerational solidarity with their parents following the transition to adulthood, less is known about continuity and change in the multiple dimensions of solidarity as children transition from emerging to established adulthood. Therefore, we focused on reciprocal longitudinal associations between dimensions of latent forms of solidarity (normative and affectual solidarity) and manifest forms of solidarity (associational and functional solidarity) as reported by young adults at three stages from emerging to established adulthood. Data were derived from young adult children participating in the Longitudinal Study of Generations who reported about 260 daughter-mother, 214 son-mother, 244 daughter-father, and 205 son-father relationships in 2000 (18-29 years old), 2005 (23-34 years old), and 2016 (34-45 years old). Multigroup autoregressive cross-lagged models prospectively predicted reciprocal influences among the dimensions of solidarity across four parent-child gender groups. Results showed that young adults' perceived intergenerational solidarity with parents was stable across three-time points. In addition, young adults' perceived associational solidarity with parents in emerging adulthood (2000 survey) predicted functional solidarity with parents (receiving support from parents and providing support to parents) in intermediate young adulthood (2005 survey), and in established adulthood (2016 survey). However, parents' and children's gender differences were not identified in the above associations. The study concludes that frequent contact with parents in emerging adulthood is a key factor in establishing intergenerational solidarity with parents from early-to-middle stage of adulthood regardless of parents' and children's gender. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Does religiosity in early adulthood predict change in filial eldercare norms after midlife among baby boomers?

This study investigated whether patterns of religious change from early to middle adulthood is associated with patterns of change in filial norms from midlife to later life. Tracking change across 45 years of the adult life span, we link developmental processes occurring at two stages of life using midlife as the point of inflection. Respondents consisted of 436 individuals in the Baby Boom generation who participated in the Longitudinal Study of Generations from Waves 1 (1971) to 9 (2016). We conducted latent class and latent transition analysis to identify religious classes and their transitions over several decades, and latent growth curve modeling to identify change in filial norms. We identified three religiosity classes in Waves 1 and 5-strongly religious, weakly religious, and moderately religious-and five patterns of religious transitions. These transitions were then used to predict change in filial norms between Waves 5 and 9. Respondents who remained weakly religious from early to mid-adulthood reported weaker filial norms in midlife, compared to those who became more religious, and declined more rapidly in their strength of filial norms after middle age. Those who stayed weakly religious also declined more rapidly post-middle age. Our findings link dynamics in religiosity and filial norms across disparate stages of the adult life span and suggest that religious orientations earlier in adulthood are linked to filial norms at time of life when responsibilities for eldercare become a concern for one's parents as well as oneself. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Digital and Non-Digital Solidarity between Older Parents and Their Middle-Aged Children: Associations with Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

We incorporated intergenerational digital communication (frequency of texting, video call, and social media interaction) into the intergenerational solidarity paradigm and identified new types of intergenerational and digital solidarity with adult children among older parents during the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, we examined whether those types are associated with older parents' mental health (depressive symptoms, psychological well-being, and self-esteem). We used the 2021/2022 wave of the Longitudinal Study of Generations (LSOG), and a sample of 519 older parents (mean age = 69 years). Latent class analysis identified four classes describing intergenerational and digital solidarity with adult children (distant-but-digitally connected, tight-knit-traditional, detached, and ambivalent). We found that older parents who had distant-but-digitally connected and tight-knit-traditional relationships with their adult children reported better mental health, compared to those who had detached and ambivalent relationships with their adult children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our findings suggest that intergenerational digital communication should be considered as a digital solidarity in intergenerational solidarity paradigm, which is useful for measuring multidimension of intergenerational relationships within family members during and after the pandemic.

Intergenerational Solidarity With Grandparents in Emerging Adulthood: Associations With Providing Support to Older Parents in Established Adulthood.

We examined the link between types of intergenerational solidarity with grandparents among young adults in emerging adulthood and whether they provided instrumental and emotional support to their older parents in established adulthood. We used the 2000 and 2016 waves of the longitudinal study of generations and a sample of 229 grandmother-child and 175 grandfather-child dyads. Latent class analysis identified three classes describing intergenerational solidarity with grandparents (tight-knit, detached, and intimate-but-geographically distant) in grandmother-child and grandfather-child dyads in emerging adulthood. Path analyses showed that young adults who had a tight-knit relationship with their grandparents in emerging adulthood provided more instrumental and emotional support to their parents in established adulthood, compared with those who had a detached relationship with their grandparents in emerging adulthood. Results are interpreted in contexts of multigenerational interdependence within families and the sensitivity of young adults to the needs of older parents through their earlier connection to grandparents.

Religiosity of Baby-Boomers in Young Adulthood: Associations with Psychological Well-Being over the Life Course.

Although several studies have discovered positive relationships between religion and various aspects of mental health, less is known about longitudinal associations between religiosity and psychological well-being over the life course. We examined how religious latent classes during the transition to adulthood are associated with trajectories of psychological well-being over 45 years. We selected 798 young-adults baby-boomers from the 1971 wave of the Longitudinal Study of Generation (mean age: 19 years) and tracked their psychological well-being over nine waves up to the 2016 wave (mean age: 64 years). Latent class analysis focused on four religiosity domains (religious service attendance, religious intensity, civic value of religion, literal beliefs) identified four distinct latent religious classes: strongly religious, weakly religious, liberally religious, and privately religious. Results of latent growth curve modeling showed that strongly religious baby-boomers during the transition to adulthood generally reported better psychological well-being than weakly religious baby-boomers at the same stage in life. In addition, psychological well-being in strongly, liberally, and privately religious baby-boomers followed a consistently upward trend across the life course, whereas among weakly religious baby-boomers psychological well-being followed an inverted u-curve (increased until mid-40s and decreased thereafter). Findings suggest that earlier religiosity may serve as a significant predictor affecting psychological well-being throughout the adult life course.

A multidimensional construct of helicopter parenting and college students' game and social media addictive behaviors: A cross-cultural study in South Korea and China.

Introduction: We explored latent classes of helicopter parenting among Korean and Chinese college students. In addition, we examined whether these latent classes of helicopter parenting are related to Korean and Chinese students' game and social media addictive behaviors. Methods: A three-step latent class analysis was conducted using 452 students from six universities in South Korea and 372 students from four universities in China. Results and discussion: We identified four distinct helicopter parenting latent classes among the parents of Korean and Chinese students: weak, strong, academic management, and academic and schedule management. We also found that Korean students in the strong class reported significantly higher levels of game and social media addictive behaviors than those in the other three classes, but this did not hold for Chinese students. This finding indicates that the association between helicopter parenting and college students' game and social media addictive behaviors can be differentiated within Asian cultural contexts.

Complementation of fission yeast kinesin-5/Cut7 with human Eg5 provides a versatile platform for screening of anticancer compounds.

Kinesin-5 family proteins are essential for bipolar spindle assembly to ensure mitotic fidelity. Here, we demonstrate evolutionary functional conservation of kinesin-5 between human and fission yeast. Human Eg5 expressed in the nucleus replaces fission yeast counterpart Cut7. Intriguingly, Eg5 overproduction results in cytotoxicity. This phenotype provides a useful platform for the development of novel kinesin-5 inhibitors as anticancer drugs.

Religious Transitions Among Baby Boomers From Young Adulthood to Later Life: Associations with Psychological Well-Being Over 45 Years.

We used classification analysis to examine change in religiosity among baby boomers from young adulthood to early old age and how religiosity transition patterns are associated with psychological well-being in later life. In addition, we tested the gender difference in the above association. We applied latent class and latent transition analysis to 392 baby boomers who participated in the Longitudinal Study of Generations in Wave-1 (1971) and Wave-9 (2016). We identified three classes describing religiosity at each wave (strongly religious, doctrinally religious, and weakly religious), and considered five types of change or stability in religious class membership from Wave-1 to Wave-9. Multiple regression with gender interactions revealed that men who stayed strongly religious over the period reported better psychological well-being compared to men who declined in their religiosity; no such pattern was found for women. Our findings suggest that maintaining strong religiosity over the life course was beneficial for baby boom men in later life.

Reciprocal associations between affectual, associational, and normative solidarity with parents during children's early to established adulthood.

Intergenerational solidarity has become increasingly important to understand, as close family members mobilize the provision of social support across generations and contribute to family wellbeing. However, less is known about continuity and change in normative (eldercare norms), affectual, and associational solidarity with mothers and fathers as children emerge into full or established adulthood. Therefore, we focused on reciprocal associations between three dimensions of intergenerational solidarity (normative, affectual, and associational) as reported by young-adult children from their early twenties to late thirties. Data were derived from respondents in the Longitudinal Study of Generations: daughters reported about relationships with 291 mother-father pairs and sons reported about relationships with 309 mother-father pairs in 2000, 2005, and 2016. Autoregressive cross-lagged models prospectively predicted mutual influences among the three dimensions of solidarity across daughter-parent and son-parent relationships. In addition, multiple group analysis was conducted to examine the children's gender difference. We found that normative solidarity and emotional closeness with mothers were mutually reinforcing in daughters' and sons' parental relationships. However, normative solidarity predicted emotional closeness with fathers in both daughter-parent and son-parent relationships. The study concludes that sons and daughters establish eldercare norms based on emotional components of solidarity with mothers, and suggest that filial duty is a key reason why mother-child relations become close over the family life course.

La solidaridad intergeneracional se ha vuelto cada vez más importante de comprender, ya que los familiares cercanos movilizan el apoyo social entre las generaciones y contribuyen al bienestar familiar. Sin embargo, se sabe poco acerca de la continuidad y el cambio en la solidaridad normativa (las normas de cuidado de los adultos mayores), afectiva y asociativa con las madres y los padres a medida que los hijos entran en la adultez completa o definitiva. Por lo tanto, nos centramos en las asociaciones recíprocas entre las tres dimensiones de solidaridad intergeneracional (normativa, afectiva y asociativa) según lo informado por los hijos jóvenes-adultos desde sus veinte hasta sus cuarenta años. Los datos se tomaron de personas encuestadas en el Estudio Longitudinal de Generaciones: las hijas informaron acerca de las relaciones con 291 pares de madres y padres y los hijos informaron acerca de las relaciones con 309 pares de madres y padres en los años 2000, 2005 y 2016. Los modelos autorregresivos de retardo cruzado predijeron prospectivamente influencias mutuas entre las tres dimensiones de solidaridad en las relaciones entre la hija y el padre/la madre y las relaciones entre el hijo y el padre/la madre. Además, se realizaron análisis multigrupo para analizar la diferencia de género de los hijos. Descubrimos que la solidaridad normativa y la cercanía emocional con las madres se reforzaron mutuamente en las relaciones parentales de las hijas y los hijos. Sin embargo, la solidaridad normativa predijo la cercanía emocional con los padres tanto en las relaciones entre la hija y el padre/la madre como en las relaciones entre el hijo y el padre/la madre. En el estudio se llega a la conclusión de que los hijos y las hijas establecen normas de cuidado de los adultos mayores basándose en los componentes emocionales de la solidaridad con las madres, y se sugiere que el deber filial es un motivo clave por el cual las relaciones entre madre e hijos se vuelven cercanas durante el transcurso de la vida familiar.

Are filial eldercare norms related to intergenerational solidarity with older parents? A typological developmental approach.

Intergenerational solidarity is multidimensional in nature, but the role of filial eldecare norms in structuring intergenerational solidarity is less understood. We examine how filial eldercare norms expressed in early adulthood and midlife are associated with intergenerational solidarity with older parents and how this association varies across parent-child gender combinations. We used data from 1985 to 2005 waves of the Longitudinal Study of Generation when the generation of interest was 32 and 52 years of age, respectively. A three-step latent class approach, culminating with a multinomial logistic regression, was conducted on a sample of 198 mother-son, 279 mother-daughter, 155 father-son, and 209 father-daughter dyads. A tight-knit intergenerational type was uniquely identified in mother-daughter relations, and a social unsupportive type was uniquely identified in father-son and father-daughter relations. Daughters expressing stronger filial norms in early adulthood were more likely in middle adulthood to belong to a tight-knit relational type with mothers and a social unsupportive and intimate but distant relational type with fathers, compared to a detached relational type; these effects were mediated by contemporaneously measured filial norms. Our study complements previous studies on the relationship between filial eldercare norms and intergenerational solidarity with older parents by showing that these norms exert an influence by virtue of being stable in adult daughters over 20 years into middle age. These findings demonstrate that eldercare norms expressed by daughters prior to their parents' transition to old age structure intergenerational relationships in later life, suggesting that such norms are better considered as long-term endowments than as situational in their origins. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Is the Relationship Between Religiosity and Filial Elder-Care Norms Declining? A Comparison Between Two Middle-Aged Generations.

We investigated whether religiosity among middle-aged adults in the Baby Boom generation and Generation-X was associated with filial elder-care norms. The sample consisted of 720 Baby Boom and 520 Gen-X respondents participating in the Longitudinal Study of Generations. A cohort-comparative model was devised using data from Baby Boomers in 1994 and Gen-Xers in 2016, when they were 42 and 40 years old, respectively. A three-step latent class modeling technique identified three religious classes in both generations: strongly religious, weakly religious, and doctrinally religious. Weakly religious Baby Boomers and Gen-Xers reported weaker filial elder-care norms than the strongly religious in each generation. No difference in these effects were detected by generation. However, only among Baby Boomers did the doctrinally religious express stronger filial norms, suggesting cross-cohort weakening in how beliefs translate into filial responsibility in the absence of congregational practice. This research opens lines of inquiry that examine long-term effects of adult children's religiosity on the actual provision of assistance to older parents when they face health difficulties.

Unpartnered Mothers' Work-Family Conflict and Parenting Stress: The Moderating Effects of Nonstandard Work Schedules.

Using the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study dataset, we examined the moderating effects of nonstandard work schedules on the association between work-family conflict and parenting stress among unpartnered mothers one year after childbirth. A multiple-group analysis was conducted to examine the interaction between a latent continuous variable (work-family conflict) and observed categorical variables (four types of work schedules: daytime weekday, daytime weekend, nighttime weekday, and nighttime weekend). Results showed that unpartnered mothers' work-family conflict was positively associated with their parenting stress, regardless of their work schedules. In addition, unpartnered mothers' nonstandard work schedules moderated the association between work-family conflict and parenting stress. Contrary to our expectations, however, the negative effects of work-family conflict on parenting stress were alleviated in unpartnered mothers who worked nighttime compared to those who worked daytime weekend. This result indicates that working nights can be a strategy by which unpartnered mothers can balance work and family life. Specifically, using informal caregiving support, unpartnered mothers can have a respite from parenting by working nonstandard hours. Implications are discussed in terms of the importance of researchers' and policymakers' attention regarding unpartnered mothers' work and parenting issues.

Miniscrew-assisted nonsurgical palatal expansion before orthognathic surgery for a patient with severe mandibular prognathism.

A transverse maxillary deficiency in an adult is a challenging problem, especially when it is combined with a severe anteroposterior jaw discrepancy. The demand for nonsurgical maxillary expansion might increase as patients and clinicians try to avoid a 2-stage surgical procedure-surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion followed by orthognathic surgery-and detrimental periodontal effects and relapse. In this regard, a miniscrew-assisted rapid palatal expansion was devised and used to treat a 20-year-old patient who had severe transverse discrepancy and mandibular prognathism. Sufficient maxillary orthopedic expansion with minimal tipping of the buccal segment was achieved preoperatively, and orthognathic surgery corrected the anteroposterior discrepancy. The periodontal soundness and short-term stability of the maxillary expansion were confirmed both clinically and radiologically. Effective incorporation of orthodontic miniscrews for transverse correction might help eliminate the need for some surgical procedures in patients with complex craniofacial discrepancies by securing the safety and stability of the treatment, assuming that the suture is still patent.

Surface anatomy of the lip elevator muscles for the treatment of gummy smile using botulinum toxin.

OBJECTIVE: To propose a safe and reproducible injection point for botulinum toxin-A (BTX-A) as a supplementary method for the treatment of gummy smile, as determined by assessment of the morphologic characteristics of three lip elevator muscles. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 50 hemi-faces from 25 adult cadavers (male 13, female 12; ages, 47 to 88 years) were used in this study. Topographic relations and the directions of the lip elevator muscles (ie, levator labii superioris [LLS], levator labii superioris alaeque nasi [LLSAN], and zygomaticus minor [ZMi]), were investigated. Possible injection points were examined through the study of predetermined surface landmarks. RESULTS: The insertion of the LLS was covered partially or entirely by the LLSAN and the ZMi, and the three muscles converged on the area lateral to the ala. The mean angle between the facial midline and each muscle vector was 25.8 +/- 4.8 degrees for the LLS, 55.7 +/- 6.4 degrees for the ZMi, and -20.2 +/- 3.2 degrees for the LLSAN; no significant differences were noted between male and female subjects or between left and right sides. The three vectors passed near a triangular region formed by three surface landmarks. The center of this triangle, named the "Yonsei point", was suggested as an appropriate injection point for BTX-A. The clinical effectiveness of the injection point was demonstrated in selected cases with or without orthodontic treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Under careful case selection, BTX-A may be an effective treatment alternative for patients with excessive gingival display caused by hyperactive lip elevator muscles.